Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterised by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by sudden, excessive electrical activity in the brain and can affect people of all ages. While it’s one of the most well-known neurological conditions, epilepsy remains widely misunderstood. At the Neurology and Pain Management Clinic (NPMC) in Delhi, Dr. Gautam Arora offers compassionate, expert care for individuals living with epilepsy and other seizure disorders.

What Is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is not a single condition but a spectrum of disorders with varied causes and manifestations. A person is diagnosed with epilepsy if they experience two or more unprovoked seizures separated by at least 24 hours or after one unprovoked seizure with a high risk of recurrence. These seizures can vary in frequency, intensity, and type, ranging from brief lapses in awareness to full-body convulsions.

What Causes Epilepsy?

Epilepsy can result from a wide range of factors, including:

• Genetic predisposition

• Brain injuries (e.g., trauma, stroke, tumours)

• Infections like meningitis or encephalitis

• Developmental disorders such as autism

• Neurodegenerative diseases

• Idiopathic epilepsy, where no clear cause is found

In many cases, the exact cause may remain unknown. Regardless of origin, the central mechanism involves disruption in the brain's electrical signalling.

Types of Seizures

Seizures are broadly classified into two categories:

1. Focal Seizures (Partial Seizures)

These begin in one area of the brain and may affect awareness or cause movements, sensations, or emotions.

• Focal aware seizures (simple partial): Consciousness is preserved.

• Focal impaired awareness seizures (complex partial): Awareness is altered.

2. Generalised Seizures

These involve both sides of the brain from the start. Common types include:

• Tonic-clonic (grand mal): Full-body convulsions and loss of consciousness

• Absence seizures: Brief staring spells, often in children

• Myoclonic seizures: Sudden jerks or muscle twitches

• Atonic seizures: Sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to falls

Diagnosing Epilepsy

At NPMC, diagnosis begins with a detailed clinical history, physical examination, and specialised tests:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure electrical activity in the brain

• MRI or CT scans to detect structural abnormalities

• Blood tests to identify infections or metabolic disorders

Dr. Gautam Arora carefully evaluates each case to determine the type of seizure and tailors a personalised treatment plan.

Treatment Options

Epilepsy is highly treatable. Options include:

• Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs): The first line of treatment to control seizures

• Surgical intervention: For drug-resistant epilepsy, where a focus can be removed

• Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) or responsive neurostimulation (RNS)

• Ketogenic diet: Especially useful in children with drug-resistant epilepsy

• Lifestyle adjustments to avoid triggers and manage stress

At NPMC, Dr. Arora emphasises a multidisciplinary approach, combining medication with patient education, support, and advanced therapies where needed.

Living with Epilepsy

While epilepsy can be life-altering, many people lead normal, fulfilling lives with proper treatment and support. Recognising and avoiding triggers (such as sleep deprivation, flashing lights, or stress), adhering to medication schedules, and staying informed are key to managing the condition.

Dr. Gautam Arora and the team at NPMC are committed to empowering patients and families with knowledge and long-term care strategies for optimal quality of life.